Abstract We investigated Aspidosperma discolor fruiting in three subpopulations in the inland Atlantic Forest of Northeastern Brazil, to better understand how local and global factors (such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation - ENSO) drive fruiting, and how functional traits are related to its dispersal potential and spatial distribution. Observations of mature fruits with dispersing seeds were carried out between 1993 and 2012. Dispersal potential was evaluated using seeds released at two different heights. Spatial distribution was analyzed using the Standardized Morisita dispersal index. A. discolor displayed seasonal fruiting during the dry season in all subpopulations, with variations in their average dates but without significant interannual variations in the proportions of fruiting individuals. The undulate seeds had average dispersal distances between 57.36 and 79.54 m. We found a random distribution pattern of the trees. The seasonal dry/rainy regime influenced fruiting and dispersal patterns, and seeds were released during the dry season (even in ENSO years). So, we demonstrate the importance of wind dispersal as a driving factor of fruiting, associated with an abiotic filter (low humidity) during the dry season. Additionally, the aerodynamic nature of the undulate diaspore and its dispersal potential influenced the random pattern of spatial distribution of A. discolor.

Resumo Investigamos a frutificação de três subpopulações de Aspidosperma discolor em uma área Mata Atlântica no interior do nordeste do Brasil, para entender melhor como fatores locais e globais (El Niño Southern Oscillation - ENOS) impulsionam a frutificação, e como as características da espécie estão relacionadas aos seus potenciais de dispersão e distribuição espacial. Frutos maduros com sementes em dispersão foram observados entre 1993 e 2012. A dispersão foi avaliada por lançar sementes em duas alturas diferentes. A distribuição foi analisada usando o índice de dispersão padronizado de Morisita. A. discolor apresentou frutificação sazonal durante a estação seca nas três subpopulações com variações de suas datas médias, mas sem variações interanuais nas proporções de indivíduos frutificando. As sementes onduladas evidenciaram distâncias médias de dispersão entre 57,36 e 79,54 m. Encontramos padrão de distribuição aleatório das árvores. O regime sazonal seco/chuvoso influenciou os padrões de frutificação e dispersão, e sementes foram liberadas durante a estação seca (mesmo em anos ENSO). Assim, demonstramos a importância da dispersão anemocórica como fator impulsionador da frutificação, associada a um filtro abiótico (baixa umidade) durante a estação seca. Adicionalmente, a natureza aerodinâmica do diásporo ondulado e seu potencial de dispersão influenciaram a distribuição espacial aleatória de A. discolor.

Abstract We investigated the associations of seasonality, dispersal modes and seed germination speeds with the fruiting of Clusia nemorosa, Pleroma fissinervium, and Vochysia pyramidalis in a gallery forest, Chapada Diamantina, Brazil. Observations of mature fruits with dispersing seeds were carried out from 2003 to 2006. Cross-correlation and circular statistics were performed to test the relationships among fruiting and abiotic factors, and phenological seasonality. Dispersion syndromes were defined and germination experiments were performed after seed collection (n =100/species), using four replicates. The species evidenced seasonal fruiting. Clusia nemorosa produced zoochoric seeds and V. pyramidalis anemochoric seeds, which were dispersed during the rainy season and positively correlated with precipitation; P. fissinervium produced autochoric seeds, released during the dry season to early rainy season, being positively correlated with insolation and negatively with humidity. The rotating wing seeds of V. pyramidalis were released in the rainy season and aided floating in watercourses, characterizing hydrochory. Clusia nemorosa and V. pyramidalis germinated (2-6 days) more rapidly than P. fissinervium (9 days). Seasonality, dispersal modes, and optimal germination conditions modulated the fruiting of the species examined, whose reproductive strategies responded to environmental drivers such as precipitation, favoring germination during the rainy season.

Resumo Investigamos a associação da sazonalidade, modos de dispersão e velocidade de germinação com a frutificação de Clusia nemorosa, Pleroma fissinervium, e Vochysia piramidalis em mata de galeria, Chapada Diamantina, Brasil. Frutos maduros com sementes em dispersão foram observados de 2003-2006. Correlação cruzada e estatística circular testaram relações entre frutificação e fatores abióticos e sazonalidade fenológica. Síndromes de dispersão foram definidas e experimentos de germinação ocorreram imediatamente após coleta das sementes (n = 100/espécie), utilizando quatro repetições. As três espécies apresentaram frutificação sazonal, C. nemorosa com sementes zoocóricas e V. piramidalis com sementes anemocóricas dispersas durante as chuvas, foram positivamente correlacionadas com a precipitação, e P. fissinervium com sementes autocóricas liberadas durante a estação seca ao início das chuvas, positivamente correlacionadas com insolação e negativamente com a umidade. Sementes de alas rotativas auxiliando a flutuação em cursos d’água, liberadas na estação chuvosa, definiram hidrocoria para V. pyramidalis. Clusia nemorosa e V. pyramidalis germinaram (2-6 dias) mais rapidamente que P. fissinervium (9 dias). Sazonalidade, modos de dispersão e condições ótimas de germinação modularam a frutificação das espécies, cujas estratégias reprodutivas responderam a fatores ambientais, como precipitação, favorecendo a germinação na estação chuvosa.

ABSTRACT Asphondylia hancorniae, sp. n. (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) is described and illustrated. This species was collected in Atlantic Forest and Caatinga domains in Bahia State (Northeastern Brazil). It induces galls on fruits of Hancornia speciosa Gomes (Apocynaceae), a plant native to Brazil. Asphondylia hancorniae is compared to other congeneric species which induce galls on Apocynaceae.

ABSTRACT We investigated intensity and seasonality of the reproductive phenology of Passiflora cincinnata Mast. and estimated its flowering and fruiting periods by interpolation using Inverse Distance Weighting, for the first time in phenology, based on herbarium collections from Bahia State, Northeastern Brazil. Data from 249 exsiccates with flowers and/or fruits were analyzed to estimate the amplitude of flowering and fruiting and test the seasonality using the circular statistics. Passiflora cincinnata flowering and fruiting was greatest from October to May. The maps generated by interpolation showed greatest probability of flowering and fruiting between March and May in sites with mean annual rainfall rates between 500 and 1000 mm. Our results indicated seasonality of flowering and fruiting, with reduced intensities during the austral winter. The interpolation methodology can be used in a complementary or preliminary way, either to organize field visits and set up experiments, or to extrapolate field results for larger-scale views.

RESUMO Nós investigamos intensidade e sazonalidade da fenologia reprodutiva de Passiflora cincinnata Mast. e estimamos seus períodos de floração e frutificação por interpolação usando a Ponderação Inversa da Distância, apresentada pela primeira vez em fenologia, com base em coleções de herbários do Estado da Bahia. Dados de 249 exsicatas com flores e/ou frutos foram analisados para estimar amplitude de floração e frutificação e testar sazonalidade usando estatística circular. A floração e frutificação de P. cincinnata foram maiores de outubro a maio. Os mapas gerados por interpolação mostraram maior probabilidade de floração e frutificação entre março e maio em locais com índices pluviométricos médios anuais entre 500 e 1000 mm. Nossos resultados indicaram sazonalidade de floração e frutificação, com intensidades reduzidas durante o inverno austral. A metodologia de interpolação pode ser utilizada de forma complementar ou preliminar, seja para organizar visitas a campo e montar experimentos, seja para extrapolar resultados de campo para visualizações em maior escala.

ABSTRACT Non-indigenous communities are particularly insightful in terms of understanding the process of healing plant acquisition and loss. This study explores the traditional medicinal plant knowledge and use of a long-isolated, African-descended community in the Atlantic rainforests of northeastern Brazil. We investigated the primary plant species used and their therapeutic applications. We hypothesized that women and the oldest members of the community would be the most knowledgeable about medicinal plants. We carried out semi-structured interviews and walk-in-the-woods plant collecting techniques with 74 informants. We identified 133 ethnospecies of plants used to treat a wide variety of illnesses. The most commonly used plant parts were leaves; the most common form of preparation was as infusion. As anticipated, medicinal plant knowledge generally increased with age. However, there was no significant gender difference in plant knowledge. We attribute this to the increasingly similar livelihood roles and geographical spaces occupied by men and women in the community. There was, however, a trend for women to be more knowledgeable about the healing properties of herbaceous and cultivated plants. Increasing contact with the outside world has resulted in a confluence of traditional, often African-derived healing therapies, with the novel healing plant knowledge and allopathic medicine of outsiders.

Abstract Studies of plant phenology in the Atlantic Forest can be enhanced by a greater understanding of the factors regulating vegetative and reproductive cycles. Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Allemão ex Benth. is endemic and vulnerable in the Atlantic Forest. We analyzed abiotic aspects and plant traits that modulate the phenologies of D. nigra by monitoring 135 individuals in four subpopulations from different remnant forests for 24 months. The growth and shapes of the plants, as well as environmental variables, were determined. Circular analysis evidenced phenological variations among subpopulations and evaluation periods. Multiple factor analysis evidenced that phenological variations are mainly correlated with precipitation, temperature, and tree height. The combination of environmental conditions and plant characteristics affect synchronicity and phenological intensity. Low fruiting intensity (less than 50%) limits seed production and recruitment. We emphasize the importance of forest remnants and the need to increase D. nigra populations in future reforestation projects.

Resumo Comparamos a diversidade funcional de comunidades em áreas de borda e interior de um fragmento de Floresta Atlântica para testar a hipótese de que existe maior diversidade funcional ao longo da borda em consonância com sua maior abundância e diversidade florística quando comparada com o interior da floresta. Considerando um conjunto de características vegetais, reprodutivas fenológicos, e serviços ecossistêmicos dos ambientes de borda e interior, foram definimos grupos funcionais de plantas usando Análise de Cluster, e por uma análise de silhueta, juntamente com índices de diversidade funcional de riqueza, divergência, uniformidade e dispersão. Os principais grupos funcionais formados são semelhantes ao longo da borda e do interior. Riqueza funcional foi o único índice de diversidade que apresentou diferença entre borda e interior. Alterações foram percebidas em relação à riqueza de espécie e ao índice de Shannon. Efeitos de borda não foram significativos na formação de grupos funcionais. Em contraste com nossa hipótese original, grupos semelhantes foram formados tanto na borda quanto no interior, indicando que espécies desempenharam papeis ecológicos semelhantes em ambos ambientes, com respostas similares a diferentes fatores ambientais, de modo que as bordas da floresta foram colonizadas por uma série de espécies diferentes que mantinham padrões de diversidade como os encontrados no interior.

Abstract We compared the functional diversity of community at edge and interior areas of an Atlantic forest fragment to test the hypothesis that higher functional diversity exists along edges - in consonance with their higher abundance and floristic diversity as compared to the interior of the forest. By considering a set of vegetative, reproductive and phenological traits and ecosystem service aspects of edge and interior environments, we defined plant functional groups using Cluster Analysis, followed by a silhouette width analysis, together with functional diversity indices of richness, divergence, evenness and dispersion. The main functional groups formed were similar between the edges and interior. Functional richness was the only index that demonstrated differences between edge and the interior. Alterations were perceived in relation to species richness and the Shannon index. Edge effects were not significant in the formation of functional groups. In contrast to our original hypothesis, similar groups were formed both along the edge in the interior - indicating that species played similar ecological roles in both environments, with similar responses to different environmental factors - so that forest edges were colonized by a series of different species that maintained diversity patterns similar to those found in the forest interior.

Abstract Phenological studies are considerably complemented through field data and herbarium collection databases. We examined the seasonality and relationships between leafing and reproductive phenophases using field observations and herbarium data of Campomanesia eugenioides var. desertorum, Eugenia punicifolia, and Psidium schenckianum, all native species of Myrtaceae. Field observations were performed in a caatinga remnant in Bahia State, Brazil; HUEFS herbarium collections were examined. In general, all species showed seasonal reproductive phases and aseasonal leaf phases, and Spearman correlations were observed between those phases. Field observations and herbarium collections were similar and complementary, providing clues about seasonality and the relationship between leaf and reproductive phases of Myrtaceae species.

Resumo A ampla distribuição das populações de Maprounea guianensis em ambientes contrastantes (florestas secas e úmidas) na Chapada Diamantina, Brasil, pode indicar a plasticidade fenotípica dessa espécie associada aos regimes sazonais de chuva/seca e características do solo. Características funcionais foram medidas em cinco indivíduos/sítio. Potencial hídrico, suculência, espessura e densidade foliar foram avaliados nos períodos seco e chuvoso; densidade da madeira e teor de água saturada da madeira foram avaliados no período chuvoso. As chuvas foram monitoradas mensalmente por dois anos. Características funcionais e os índices fenotípicos de plasticidade (IPP) foram submetidos à análise de variância. Nossos resultados demonstraram variações sazonais e espaciais nas características funcionais das plantas. Encontramos baixa capacidade de armazenamento de água em folhas e tecidos de madeira, associada às propriedades do solo e aos regimes sazonais de chuva/seca, condicionando as variações de potencial hídrico que foram maiores durante a estação chuvosa. Parâmetros ambientais influenciaram variações nas características funcionais das populações de M. guianensis, refletindo a plasticidade fenotípica. Destacamos as conexões entre regimes de seca e respostas das plantas, demonstrando a importância das características funcionais associadas à disponibilidade de água (principalmente potencial hídrico). Nosso estudo evidencia causas associadas a ampla distribuição de M. guianensis.

Abstract The wide distribution of Maprounea guianensis populations in contrasting environments (dry and humid forests) in the Chapada Diamantina, northeastern Brazil, can indicate the phenotypic plasticity of this species in relation to seasonal rainfall, drought regimes, and soil characteristics at different sites. Functional traits were measured in five individuals in each vegetation types. Water potential, succulence, thickness and density leaf, were evaluated during the dry and rainy periods; wood density and the saturated water content of the wood were evaluated in rainy period. Rainfall was monitored monthly for two years. The functional traits and the phenotypic plasticity indices (PPI) were submitted to analysis of variance. Our results demonstrated seasonal and spatial variations in plant functional traits. We found a low capacity for storing water in leaves and woody tissues, associated with soil properties and the seasonal rainfall/drought regimes, conditioning water potential variations that were greatest during the rainy season. Local environmental parameters influenced variations in the functional traits of M. guianensis populations, reflecting phenotypic plasticity. We highlight the connections between drought regimes and plant responses, demonstrating the importance of functional traits associated with water availability (especially water potential). Our study evidences the factors associated with the wide distribution of M. guianensis.

Resumo Eschweilera tetrapetala é uma árvore endêmica das Florestas Sazonais Submontanas (SSF) da Chapada Diamantina, remanescentes de floresta Atlântica, Brasil. Os efeitos das mudanças climáticas no padrão de distribuição espacial dessa espécie foram investigados para identificar áreas prioritárias de conservação. Os padrões de distribuição e as densidades populacionais foram obtidos por amostragem de indivíduos em dez transectos de 200 x 10 m e trinta parcelas adicionais de 10 x 10 m situadas em borda e interior de uma área da SSF. Esses dados de ocorrência foram submetidos à Modelagem de Nicho Ecológico usando os algoritmos Bioclim, Maxent e Support Vector Machine. O modelo previsto para sua distribuição atual, usando os algoritmos Bioclim, Maxent e Support Vector Machine (SVM), evidenciou áreas de forte adequabilidade ambiental a leste da Serra do Sincorá. Os modelos determinaram expansão da área de adequabilidade ambiental durante o Holoceno Médio, retração no presente e maiores reduções previstas em cenários futuros. O número de indivíduos nas parcelas variou de zero a 14, indicando distribuição agregada. O índice de Morisita indicou distribuição aleatória ao longo da borda da floresta, mas agregada no interior da floresta. Eschweilera tetrapetala é sensível às mudanças climáticas e pressão antropogênica, em escalas regional e local.

Abstract Eschweilera tetrapetala is a tree endemic to Submontane Seasonal Forests in inland Atlantic forest areas of the Chapada Diamantina Mountains, Northeastern Brazil. The effects of climate change on the spatial distribution pattern of that species were investigated to identify priority areas for its conservation. Distribution patterns and population densities were obtained by sampling individuals in ten 200 x 10 m transects, and in thirty additional 10 x 10 m border and interior forest plots. The occurrence data were subjected to Ecological Niche Modelling using Bioclim, Maxent, and Support Vector Machine algorithms. The predicted model for the current distribution of E. tetrapetala, using the Bioclim, Maxent, and Support Vector Machine algorithms, evidenced stable areas of strong environmental suitability in the east of the Chapada Diamantina. The models also show an expansion of areas with environmental suitability during the Mid-Holocene, with retraction in the present and greater reductions predicted in future global warming scenarios. The number of individuals in the plots varied from zero to 14, indicating an aggregated distribution. Morisita’s index indicated a random distribution along a forest edge but aggregated in the forest interior. Eschweilera tetrapetala is sensitive to climatic change and anthropogenic pressure, at both regional and local scales.

Abstract We present a case study focusing on collection methods and phenological data analyses. Qualitative, semi-quantitative, and quantitative approaches were compared in terms of their efficiencies for describing flowering and fruiting intensities and phenophase synchrony in Himatanthus drasticus growing in a gallery forest in the Chapada Diamantina mountains, Brazil. Our results showed that phenophase intensity and synchrony were respectively each best. Determined using quantitative and qualitative methods We reinforce the importance of clearly defining research aims, as quantitative data collections require considerably greater field efforts than qualitative evaluations, especially concerning forest trees.

Abstract We present a case study focusing on the influence of inflorescence position on the relationships between foliar and reproductive phases, focusing on three Leguminoseae tree species in the Chapada Diamantina, Brazil. Both Senna multijuga and Copaifera langsdorffii produce terminal panicles and showed vegetative and reproductive phenophases that were correlated but segregated in time, with the marked concentration of reproductive data. The presence of axillary inflorescences on Inga cayennensis enables the simultaneous production of both flowers and leaves, without the segregation or the correlation of those phases, with a uniform distribution of reproductive data. This study encourages further investigations regarding the effects of inflorescence position on plant phenology.

Resumo Capitinga é uma vegetação pouco estudada que cresce em pequenas ilhas de areia branca e fina e cercadas por florestas de latossolo no lado leste das Montanhas da Chapada Diamantina, no nordeste do Brasil. Nosso estudo caracterizou a vegetação da capitinga, suas características ambientais e comparou sua flora com as faixas de mosaico da vegetação do Espinhaço e da Chapada Diamantina. Os dados florísticos foram coletados de 1999-2006 e os levantamentos fitossociológicos foram realizados em 2004-2005 e 2016-2017 em quinze parcelas de 50 x 2 m (100 m2 cada, totalizando 1500 m2). O agrupamento multivariado e a análise de ordenação foram utilizados para examinar a similaridade florística da vegetação da capitinga. No total foram registradas sessenta espécies distribuídas em 36 famílias, enquanto nas parcelas foi registrado um total de 4945 indivíduos distribuídos em 25 famílias e 33 espécies. As famílias mais ricas foram Fabaceae (7) e Apocynaceae (5), enquanto as mais abundantes foram Arecaceae (61.5% de todos os indivíduos) e Velloziaceae (18.4%), representadas por Syagrus harleyi e Vellozia dasypus respectivamente. Capitinga representa um hábitat distinto condicionado por características edáficas e sua flora é diferente de outras vegetações nas áreas do Espinhaço e da Chapada Diamantina, com várias espécies endêmicas.

Abstract Capitinga is poorly studied vegetation growing on small, scattered islands of fine, white sand surrounded by the latosol forests on the eastern flank of the Chapada Diamantina Mountains in northeastern Brazil. Our study characterized capitinga vegetation, its environmental features, and compared its flora with the vegetation mosaic within the Espinhaço and Chapada Diamantina ranges. Floristic data was collected from 1999-2006, and phytosociological surveys were undertaken in 2004-2005 and 2016-2017 within fifteen 50 x 2 m plots (100 m2 each, 1500 m2 in total). Multivariate grouping and ordination analysis were used to examine the floristic affinities of capitinga vegetation. Sixty different species from 36 families were recorded overall, while a total of 4945 individuals distributed among 25 families and 33 species were recorded in the plots. The richest families were Fabaceae (7) and Apocynaceae (5), while the most abundant families were Arecaceae (61.5% of all individuals) and Velloziaceae (18.4%), represented by Syagrus harleyi and Vellozia dasypus respectively. Capitinga represents a distinct habitat conditioned by edaphic features, and its flora is unlike other vegetations in the Espinhaço or Chapada Diamantina ranges, with several locally endemic species.

Resumo A relação entre fenologia e fatores ambientais é chave para compreender a dinâmica de populações em gradientes ambientais. Foram avaliadas variações fenológicas de Croton heliotropiifolius Kunth em sítios, com disponibilidade hídrica contrastante, de caatinga, transição cerrado/caatinga e cerrado, na Chapada Diamantina, Brasil. Fenofases de 81 indivíduos (n = 27 indivíduos/área) foram registradas mensalmente por 12 meses. Regressão múltipla, correlação de Spearman, estatística circular, índice de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener e índice de Morisita-Horn foram usados para testar relações entre fenofases e fatores abióticos, sazonalidade fenológica, diversidade e similaridade entre as populações. As fenofases vegetativas foram distintas em intensidade, sazonalidade e sincronia; enquanto as fenofases reprodutivas mantiveram-se similares. Os eventos fenológicos foram relacionados positivamente à precipitação e disponibilidade de água no solo. As populações de C. heliotropiifolius exibiram altos níveis de diversidade fenológica vegetativa, exceto na caatinga durante a seca. A diversidade fenológica reprodutiva variou no período estudado nos três sítios. Houve maior semelhança reprodutiva entre as populações, do que vegetativa. Diferenças nos tipos de solo e volumes de chuva na estação seca, mesmo em pequenas distâncias, tornam o gradiente cerrado/caatinga um modelo adequado para investigar respostas fenológicas relacionadas a estratégias eco-hidrológicas de plantas em ecossistemas sazonalmente secos tropicais.

Abstract The relationship between phenology and environmental factors is critical to understanding population dynamics in environmental gradients. We evaluated phenological variations in Croton heliotropiifolius Kunth in sites with contrasting water resource availability in caatinga, cerrado/caatinga transition, and cerrado in the Chapada Diamantina, Brazil. The phenophases of 81 individuals (n = 27 individuals/area) were recorded monthly for 12 months. Multiple regression, Spearman correlation, circular statistics, Shannon-Wiener diversity, and Morisita-Horn indices were used to test relationships between phenophases and abiotic factors, phenological seasonality, diversity, and similarities between the three populations. The vegetative behaviors in the study sites were distinct in terms of their intensity, seasonality, and synchrony; but reproductive phenophases maintained similar characteristics. Phenological events were positively related to rainfall and soil water availability. C. heliotropiifolius populations exhibited high levels of vegetative phenological diversity, except in the caatinga during the dry season. Reproductive phenological diversity varied along the studied period in the three sites, with higher reproductive than vegetative similarities among populations. Differences in soil types and rainfall volumes in the dry season, even at small distances, therefore make the savanna/caatinga gradient a suitable model for investigating phenological responses related to plant eco-hydrological strategies in seasonally tropical dry ecosystems.

Resumo Avaliamos a diversidade de Myrtaceae no Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina (CDNP) e nos municípios vizinhos (NM), identificando as áreas com maior riqueza e aquelas com menor esforço amostral, coletando amostras in situ e analisando as coleções de herbário. Os dados e mapas geográficos incluem esforços de coleta (CE), riqueza de espécies (SR) e riqueza estimada (J1). Noventa e sete espécies e nove gêneros foram registrados para NM, com 82 espécies e nove gêneros ocorrendo no CDNP. A CE e SR foram semelhantes no NM e CDNP, e os quadrantes com os maiores valores foram nos municípios de Lençóis e Palmeiras. O J1 também foi semelhante no NM e CDNP. Quinze espécies encontradas no NM não ocorrem no CDNP, e algumas são consideradas ameaçadas ou restritas a áreas não protegidas, principalmente as áreas de caatinga. Algumas espécies apresentaram distribuições limitadas a apenas um ou dois tipos de vegetação, embora muitas áreas tenham sido apenas superficialmente pesquisadas. As espécies endêmicas estão sujeitas a pressão antrópica e algumas são atualmente consideradas ameaçadas ou vulneráveis. A expansão dos limites do CDNP para abranger áreas da vegetação da caatinga melhorará o status de conservação da família.

Abstract We evaluated the diversity of Myrtaceae in Chapada Diamantina National Park (CDNP) and neighboring municipalities (NM), identifying the areas with the highest richness and those with the lowest sampling efforts, collecting specimens in situ, and analyzing herbarium collections. The geographic data and maps include collection efforts (CE), species richness (SR), and estimated richness (J1). Ninety-seven species and nine genera were recorded for NM, with 82 species and nine genera occurring in CDNP. The CE and SR were similar in NM and CDNP, and the quadrants with the highest values were in the municipalities of Lençóis and Palmeiras. The J1 was also similar in NM and CDNP. Fifteen species found in NM do not occur in CDNP, and some are considered endangered or are restricted to non-protected areas, especially caatinga areas. Some species showed distributions limited to only one or two vegetation types, although many areas have been only superficially surveyed. Endemic species are subject to anthropic pressure, and some are currently considered endangered or vulnerable. The expansion of the limits of the CDNP to encompass areas of caatinga vegetation will improve the conservation status of the family.